Fournier, Pierre Simon

Everybody sees examples of typography every day. on the streets, in the shops, while going on any transport and even in our fridge! Needless to say, that we are overwhelmed by the amount of visual stuff around us! most of the people don't even have a clue what a difficult subject typography is. But this person definitely did…

Pierre Simon Fournier was a French graphic designer. He was born on the 15 of September in 1712. He is most known for the typographic work that he has done through his entire life.

During his youth he has been practicing different graphic aspects: he has been painting in watercolors, wood engraving, which later has led him to letter engraving an letter casting. Through his whole life he has designed more than 150 typefaces. Pierre Simon Fournier is also known for standardizing the size of the typefaces used in France.

Most of the Fonts Simon Fournier has designed were Serif types. There always was a big contrast between the areas where the letters were thin and thick, which could lead to bad clarity of the text. Nevertheless, the Simon Fournier’s fonts are still used or are used as a base to create new fonts “in the style of Simon Fournier”. Joanna, Meridienm, Fairfield… these are only few that are used nowadays…
Pierre Simon Fournier has been a hard-working person and not only he designed the types, but also he had several publications about it.” Modèles des Caractères”, "Manuel Typographique", "Essai d’un nouveau caractère de fonte pour l’impression de la musique".

Another thing that Pierre Simon Fournier has been working of is musical notes. He has make made the shapes smoother, the notes easier to read. He died at the age of 56, on the 8 of October in 1786.

Bibliography:
1)Pierre Simon Fournier - Linotype Font Designer
http://www.linotype.com/711/pierresimonfournier.html
2)Identifont - Pierre Simon Fournier
http://www.identifont.com/show?17K
3)Pierre Simon Fournier - LoveToKnow 1911
http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Pierre_Simon_Fournier
4)Laurent Pflughaupt “Letter by Letter”, Princeton Architectural Press, 2007.

Daria Sidorenko

Bonnard, Pierre

Francisco Belo dos Santos

Apollinaire, Guillaume

Guillaume Apollinaire (b. August 26, 1880 – d. November 9, 1918, Paris) was a French poet, writer and art critic born in Italy to a Polish mother.
Apollinaire's first collection of poetry was L'enchanteur pourrissant (1909), but Alcools (1913) established his reputation. The poems, influenced in part by the Symbolists, juxtapose the old and the new, combining traditional poetic forms with modern imagery. In 1913, Apollinaire published the essay Les Peintres cubistes on the cubist painters, a movement which he helped to define. He also coined the term 'orphism' to describe a tendency towards absolute abstraction in the paintings of Robert Delaunay and others.（http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guillaume_Apollinaire）
According to the artist himself: “the new school of painting is known as cubism, a name first applied to it in the fall of 1908 in a spirit of derision by Henri-Matisse… the new aesthetics was first elaborated in the mind of Andre Derain, but the most important and audacious works the movement at once produced were those of a great artist, Pablo Picasso, who must also be considered one of he founders: his inventions, corroborated by the good sense of Georges Braque, who exhibited a cubist picture at the Salon des Independants as early as 1908, were envisaged in the studies of Jean Metzinger, who exhibited the first cubist portrait (a portrait of my self the Salon des Independants in 1910). It was also in 1910 that pictures by Robert Delaunay, Marie Laurensin, and Le Fauconnier, who belonged o the same school, were exhibited at the Independants.”The most prolific or prominent in public domain is 1910–1914 in France, Germany, Italy and Russia.

References
Guillaume Apollinaire,(1970) The Cubist Painters, New York
Guillaume Apollinaire（http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guillaume_Apollinaire）

Yanru Wang